Bernanke Using Gold as a “Scapegoat” to Justify Money Printing

Ben Bernanke recently served a guest lecturer at George Washington University, where the Federal Reserve Chairman defended the central bank against various criticisms and argued for the role it played in helping to end the 2008 financial crisis.  Bernanke also provided his own criticism, primarily at those who believe a gold standard could have prevented the crisis.

Following Bernanke’s lecture, several investors and economists have pointed out various flaws in his argument.  One of the best analyses came from Axel Merk, head of The Merk Funds and a noted currencies investor.  In a article from earlier this week, Merk took Bernanke to task for his criticism of the gold standard and the constraints it would place on the Federal Reserve.

“To a central banker, the gold standard may be considered ‘competition,’ as their power would likely be greatly diminished if the U.S. were on a gold standard,” Merk began.  “The Fed, Bernanke argues, is the answer to the problems of the gold standard. We respectfully disagree. We disagree because the Fed ought to look at a different problem.”

The crux of Merk’s argument follows:

Bernanke goes on to blame the gold standard for the panics. While he is certainly not alone in his view – indeed, his very lecture to students at George Washington University is promoting that view to a new generation of economists -, we beg to differ.

Banks – by definition – have a maturity mismatch, making long-term loans, taking short-term deposits. As such, banks are prone to financial panics as described by Bernanke. To mitigate the risk of financial panics, central banks can do what the Fed is doing, namely to be a lender of last resort. Alternatively, central banks can focus on the core issue, the structural “problem of banking.” Following the Fed’s approach, there are inherent moral hazard issues – incentives for financial institutions to increase leverage, to become too-big-to-fail. To address a panic that might happen anyway, the Fed would double down (provide more liquidity), potentially exacerbating future banking panics. After yet another crisis, new rules are introduced to regulate banks. The resulting financial system may not be safer, but it will increase barriers to entry, further bolstering the leadership position of existing, too-big-to-fail banks. With all the government guarantees and too-big-to-fail concerns, banks might then be regulated in an attempt to have them act more like utilities. Ultimately, that might make the financial system more stable, but will stifle economic growth. Financial institutions, as much as we have mixed feelings about their conduct, are vital to finance economic growth, as they facilitate risk taking and investment.

The problem of all financial panics is not the gold standard – otherwise, the panic of 2008 would not have happened. The problem of financial panics is – again – that “longer-term, illiquid assets are financed by short-term, liquid liabilities.” Missing from Bernanke’s definition is a key additional attribute, leverage. A maturity mismatch without leverage might cause a lender to go bust, but – in our interpretation – does not qualify as a panic when a limited number of depositors are affected. The “panic” and the “contagion” may occur when leverage is employed, as it creates a disproportionate number of creditors (including consumers with cash deposits).

There’s a better way. To avoid having financial institutions serve as “panic” incubators, regulation should address the core of the issue. Bernanke shouldn’t use gold, as a scapegoat for all that was wrong with the U.S. economy previously, to justify a license to print money. First, failure must be an option; individuals and businesses must be allowed to make mistakes and suffer the consequences. The role of the regulator, in our opinion, is to avoid an event where someone’s mistake wrecks the entire system.

The easiest way to achieve a more stable financial system is to reduce incentives for leverage. A straightforward method is through mark-to-market accounting and a requirement to post collateral for leveraged transactions. The financial industry lobbies against this, arguing that holding a position to maturity renders mark-to-market accounting redundant.

Modern central banking is not the answer to mitigate the risk of financial panics because the cost for this perceived safety is enormous. As a result of responding to each potential panic with ever more “liquidity”, entire governments are now put at risk when a crisis flares up.

Beyond that, central banks have done a horrible job in containing inflation. The wisdom of central banking is that 2% inflation is considered an environment of stable prices. At 2%, a level often touted as a “price stable environment”, the purchasing power of $100 is reduced to $55 over a 30-year period. It’s a cruel tax on the public. What’s more, in practice, countries with a fiat currency system have generally been unable to keep long-term inflation below 2%.

Bernanke warns of deflation. To the saver, deflation is a gift. Not to the debtor. In a debt driven world, deflation strangles the economy. Governments don’t like deflation as income taxes and capital gains taxes are eroded. In a deflationary world, governments would need to rely more on sales taxes (or value added taxes): gradually reduced revenue in a deflationary environment would be okay as the purchasing power of those tax revenues would increase. That assumes, of course, that the government carries a low debt burden — deflation would be a good incentive to limit spending. Get the picture why governments don’t like deflation?

With inflation, people have an “incentive” to work harder, to take on risks, just to retain their purchasing power, the status quo. What about the pursuit of happiness? The idea that if you earn money and save, you can retire and live off your savings? We consider it quite an imposition that unelected officials have such sway over our standard of living.